ABSTRACT
Background: Congenital malformations remain a common cause of perinatal deaths accounting for 10-15% in developing countries like India. They are the most severe disorders of the central nervous system. Although antenatal screening for congenital anomalies has been improved over the years, fetal autopsy remains the gold standard for the iden?fica?on and confirma?on of congenital malforma?ons. The present study emphasizes the importance of perinatal autopsy for understanding the cause of death and also conforma?on of the antenatal diagnosis of the spectrum of various congenital CNS malforma?ons. Methods: We studied 644 perinatal autopsies conducted in our hospital. The dura?on of the study was 5 years, from 1st August 2015 to 31st July 2020 that included all perinatal autopsies with gesta?onal age of 22 weeks to less than 7 days. Results: Out of 644 perinatal autopsies 125 cases (19.4%) had congenital anomalies, of which 62 cases (9.6%) showed CNS malforma?ons. The most common CNS anomalies encountered were anencephaly 14 cases (22.6%) followed by 10 cases (16.1%) each of spina bifida and meningocele, and 8 cases (12.9%) of meningomyelocele. In the present study, 6 (9.7%) cases of CNS malforma?ons were associated with known syndromes namely Edward syndrome, Potter’s syndrome, and KlippelFeil syndrome. Along with CNS in 21 (33.9%) cases we observed associated malforma?ons of other systems with 7 cases involving the musculoskeletal system, 3 cases involving the genitourinary system, and 5 (8.1%) cases showing mul?system involvement. Conclusion: Antenatal screening for congenital anomalies has been improved over the years. Even then fetal autopsy remains the gold standard for the iden?fica?on and confirma?on of congenital malforma?ons. Understanding this gives valuable informa?on that can be further helpful in the gene?c counseling of the parents.
ABSTRACT
Background:Abdominal masses always are mystery in clinical prac?ce. Improvements have taken place in fine needle aspira?on cytology with technical advances in imaging methods of ultrasound and CT. Aims:To study the u?lity of guided FNAC in the diagnosis of abdominal lesions and categories the abdominal lesions. To study cytological features of abdominal lesions and correlate with histopathological features wherever possible. Materials and methods: The study included 82 abdominal lesions. History, clinical features, radiological inves?ga?ons were obtained in each case. USG or CT guidance was used and the FNA procedure was done. Smears were stained with Giemsa and viewed under the microscope for diagnosis. Diagnos?c yield was 95%. Extra material obtained was given for cell block. Results: The age was from 14 years old to 82 years and majority of them were in the age group of 40 – 60 years. Male to female ra?o is 1:1.1. Among 82 cases, 45 cases (54.87%) were malignant, followed by 17 cases (20.74%) benign, 14 cases (17.08%) inflammatory, 04 cases (4.87%) suspicious of malignancy and 02 cases (2.44%) unsa?sfactory for evalua?on. Majority of the cases are in liver and hepatocellular carcinoma was the most common malignant lesion. In 60 cases histopathological correla?on was available and for these cases the diagnos?c accuracy is 95%, sensi?vity is 92.1%, specificity is 100% and p value is <0.001 which is highly significant. Conclusion:Abdominal fine needle aspira?on cytology is simple, cost effec?ve, rapid and repeatable procedure which helps in categorizing the abdominal lesions.
ABSTRACT
The goal of endodontic treatment is elimination of microorganisms from the infected root canals and prevention of further infection, which is achieved thorough cleaning and shaping of root canals followed by obturation and an adequate coronal restoration.1 In the event of intraradicular reinfection due to inadequacies of previous treatment, persistence of infection, or reinfection when the coronal seal is lost, retreatment is carried out. Retreatment is mainly based upon the patient’s clinical presentation and compliance, operator’s experience and expertise, the risk of complications, technical and economic feasibility.2 The treatment options could be nonsurgical retreatment, surgical retreatment, combined nonsurgical and surgical or extraction.3Complete removal of gutta-percha from the root canal, re-establishing working length, promoting disinfection and re-obturating the root canal are the main goals of non-surgical retreatment in order to establish healthy periapical tissues.4 Loss of apical constriction due to resorption or over instrumentation often leads to overextension of obturating materials such as gutta-percha (GP) and root canal sealers. Residual GP in the periapical tissues may cause mechanical irritation and inflammation, thereby leading to endodontic failure.5 Most often the overextended GP section is removed by a surgical approach as they may not be amenable to orthograde removal. This case report describes the nonsurgical retreatment of a permanent maxillary central incisor with apically extruded GP.